Technology Scaling And Research Of Flash Memory And Dram

Technology Scaling and Research in Flash memory and DRAM Neil Patrick Crasto CWID: 802993881 E-mail: neil.crasto@csu.fullerton.edu Vaibhavi Patrick D’Mello CWID: 893376210 E-mail: vaibhavidmello@csu.fullerton.edu Abstract—As Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) and Flash Nonvolatile Memory (NVM) innovations are entering their fourth decade of proceeding with development and advance; challenges in scaling these separate gadgets have surfaced both in handling and scaling. Although research has overcome the patterning issues, there are cost and electrical limitations faced by both DRAM and NAND. In this paper, we have studied the Feasibility of Embedded DRAM Cells, Embedded DRAM Technology for High-Performance DRAM and NAND flash memory and Challenges and Opportunities that are faced for Research in Emerging Memory Devices. Keywords—Flash evolution, Flash memory, embedded DRAM, NAND flash memory,nonvolatile memory, NOR cell,DRAM system, power, performance, scaling, Bandwidth, bit error rate, cache, data retention, eDRAM. I. INTRODUCTION Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed in blocks instead of 1 byte at a time. Flash memory works like both RAM and ROM (Whatis TechTarget) where you can write information like you can write with RAM, but that information isn t erased when the power is off, like it is with ROM (Dummies). It was developed from EEPROM (electrically erasable programmableShow MoreRelatedBusiness Level Strategy of Samsung2628 Words   |  11 PagesDisplay (LCD) and other components.. †¢ Digital Media Communications (DMC) is primarily a Business to Consumer (B2C) Company making computers, television sets and phones and also everything in between. †¢ Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT) is the research power of Samsung that likewise manages (at the moment) its brand-new companies. The three company divisions deal with nine business level units. Image 1 These all units are regulating by each different ways. Numerous marketing andRead MoreFinal Year Project (Heat Sensor)15216 Words   |  61 Pages1A. Any type of size and resistance will work equally well. Only 12V relay will work in the circuit. Advantage of Heat Sensor with auto cooling fan Advantage The automatic fan controller can easily conrol the temperature. This technology is very chief in cost effective. The circuit capability for damage is sufficient. The environmental effect does not harmful for this automatic fan controller Operational Block Diagram The aim of the circuit

Oppression in China - 973 Words

Oppression in China What is the denotation of the term oppression? It is defined as unjust or cruel exercise of authority or power (MerriamWebster.com). Mao Zedong, a malicious and dictatorial tyrant, was a leader of China who exposed the nation to numerous forms of oppression. Through the movements known as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, Mao removed capitalistic and traditional principles from China’s society while implementing both communistic and socialistic ways. During the time period of the these movements, the civilians of China faced cultural, political, and even religious molds of repression. After the first movement, known as the Great Leap Forward, a campaign to radically conform China from agrarian standpoints to an industrialized communist society, millions of Chinese citizens died from famines and other forms of maltreatment. Deaths from hunger reached more than fifty percent in some Chinese villages and the total number of dead from 1959 to 1961 was between thirty and forty million, which is equivalent to the population of California (Edwards). After the time of the Cultural Revolution, over 1.5 million civilians died during the movement, and others were tortured, publicly humiliated, or suffered imprisonment (History.com). The memoir Red Scarf Girl by Ji Li Jiang brings to life the cultural oppression that the Chinese citizens faced during the time Mao Zedong led China. There are many facts and statistics that involved the oppressionShow MoreRelatedThe, China, And Post Mao China Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesThree Times: Republican, China, Socialist, China, and Post-Mao China Introduction The twentieth century was not only transformational but also traumatic for China just like other societies. Notably, the prevalence of warfare in China was high throughout the century. 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In the five years since the Arab Spring uprising, Italy has Consistently Received the largestRead MoreHuman Suffering, By The Marxian Analysis Of Capitalism And Class Struggles908 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In this essay, I will examine the concept of human suffering, namely inequality, alienation, oppression and violence as presented in the Marxian analysis of capitalism and class struggles. In examining these concepts I argue that the hierarchy of difference created by the binary model of inferior and superior class positions naturalises this human suffering. In many ways, human suffering is the negation of the other in order to determine oneself. In order to explore the key conceptsRead MoreAlienation And Being A Factor Of Production888 Words   |  4 Pageshas factories in China where it has thousands of labourers who work at lesser amount of wages. These low wage conditions of the labourers also alienate them further from the products they reproduce because their meagre salaries cannot even afford to buy one of these gadgets. Furthermore, the conditions in the offshore factories, without any regulation or supervision from local governments constitute inhuman conditions. This is the stance of oppression against workers. Oppression In the 25 JanuaryRead MoreEssay On Gender Oppression1507 Words   |  7 PagesGender Oppression Nelson Mandela once said, Freedom cannot be achieved unless women have been emancipated from all forms of oppression. What Mandela is trying to convey is that society is being restrained by social norms and gender roles. While today’s society is not as controlled by gender as Mandela’s, women still continue to be oppressed by it. In the reading â€Å"The Cycle of Oppression,† the cycle is explained part by part, and why it is continuous is discovered. The cycle remains continuous because

What Does Oedipus the King Show Us About Greek Thought...

What does Oedipus the King show us about Greek thought on Fate, the gods, and free will? Oedipus is a play that explores the styles of freewill and fate throughout its totality. This is the tale of a guy and how he tries to resist his own fate and thus focuses on his defense of the future that he needs. Oedipus wished to reject his personal predestination and wanted make a life of his own choosing. The tale all started by a prediction upon Oedipus life that therw will come a day when he would eliminate his dad, defile his moms bed and roam the world for the rest of his life in loss of sight. At what many say was an early age, Oedipus made the aware choice to reject the prediction and step from exactly what he thought was his home town, to Thebes, in order to run away from his predestined path for life. While some people decided to count on predestination in order to preserve some semblance of balance and peace in their lives, a sense that whatever is implied to occur will take place, Oedipus desired a varied result, and with his options, did exactly what he could. At the start of the play, the priest discusses the fact that Thebes is dealing with an affliction. Plants, pets, and individuals are all passing away. Individuals there understand that Oedipus is not a god; however they think that some god influenced him to resolve the riddle of the sphinx and conserve the town. Becau se Oedipus has actually been king, he has actually done a great task, so now individuals wantShow MoreRelatedDiscuss The Importance Of Oracles To Oedipus Rex1620 Words   |  7 Pagesimportance of oracles to the ancient Greeks and specifically, to Oedipus Rex. Include a consideration about whether human actions are the result of predestination (Fate/Destiny) or free will. What does Sophocles seem to believe on this issue? After reading the passage throughly, I feel that for the ancient Greeks fate was an important aspect to their daily lives it shaped and formed human life. Fate has evolved during the years mainly because for the Greeks it was seen something as an unstoppableRead MoreThe Role of Fate in Oedipus the King Essay1051 Words   |  5 Pages Fate played an important part in the plays and literature of the Greeks as is shown in Sophocles play Oedipus Rex Sophocles lived during the Golden Age of Greece. He is renowned as one of the greatest dramaticist of western literature. He was a greek through and through as he held important political positions, and he even served as the priest of the haling diety Amynos. During his life tragedies were popular plays of the greeks, and Sophocles noted for his writingRead MoreA Close Reading Of Oedipus Rex1226 Words   |  5 PagesENG October 21, 2015 A Close Reading of Oedipus Rex Ancient Greeks cared deeply about the pursuit of knowledge. Although the truth was often a terrifying concept, they still saw it as a critical virtue. The theater was one way in which the ideas of knowledge and truth were examined. Many Greek dramatists use the self-realizations of their characters to underscore the themes of their tragedies. Sophocles, for one, uses the character transformation of Oedipus, in tandem with the plot, to highlightRead MoreOedipus the King: Oedipuss Submission to the Gods Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesOedipuss Submission to the Gods In ancient Greece, plays were more then simply a form of entertainment. Athenian drama was supported and financed by the state. (...)Greek theater was directed at the moral and political education of the community. (Kennedy and Gioia, pgs 1357-1363) Sophocles understood this, and dissipated any pollyanic view of society by presenting us with plays that were intended to teach. Sophocless Oedipus the King issued a warning for those who foolishly believed thatRead MoreJocasta as a Tragic Hero Essay1222 Words   |  5 PagesUpholding Jocasta as the Tragic Hero What makes a tragic hero? Aristotle lays down groundwork of a tragic hero as being essentially good. They are neither villain nor saint because they have flaws. Several elememts are nevcesary to have a tragic hero, they are the tragic flaw, the reversal, recognition, and hubris. These generally make up the story of the tragic hero, and in the case of Jocasta, the wife and mother of Oedipus in Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, she posses all three. Yet she is notRead MoreGreek Mythology : A Tragic Hero2559 Words   |  11 PagesGreek mythology is such an interesting genre of stories. They let the audience, or reader, know what happens in the plot before the actual story takes place. In this Greek tragedy, the main character is in conflict with himself and has a wicked twist of ethics with fate itself. The story of Oedipus is one of the greatest Greek stories in history; Oedipus is a tragic hero in a classic Greek tragedy. A tragic hero is a character, that no matter what they choose to do, whether it is to run and hideRead MoreOedipus The King : A Tragic Hero1541 Words   |  7 Pages and that the characters fate must be greater than deserved (Else). Since the main character in Sophocles’ classic tragedy Oedipus Rex or Oedipus the King matches up to Aristotle’s definition, Oedipus certainly exemplifies what it is to be a â€Å"tragic hero.† The play’s protagonist Oedipus is revered as a good man and intelligent ruler who acts quickly to support Thebes- a city which is troubled by plague. This is demonstrated in the background notes that describe Oedipus saving the city from theRead More Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King3894 Words   |  16 PagesThe Concept of Fate in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To the first-time reader of Sophocles’ tragedy, Oedipus Rex, it seems that the gods are in complete domination of mankind. This essay will seek to show that this is not the case because the presence of a tragic flaw within the protagonist is shown to be the cause of his downfall.    In the opening scene of the tragedy the priest of Zeus itemizes for the king what the gods have done to the inhabitants of Thebes:    A blight isRead MoreOedipus Rex2527 Words   |  11 PagesEssay on Oedipus Rex 4-3-97 In Sophocles Oedipus Rex, the theme of irony plays an important part through the play. What Oedipus does, what he says, and even who he is can sometimes be ironic. This irony can help us to see the character of Oedipus as truly a blind man, or a wholly public man. A great irony is found in Oedipuss decree condemning the murderer. Oedipus says, To avenge the city and the citys god, / And not as though it were for some distant friend, / But for my own sake, to beRead MoreThe Truth Of Courage : Socrates, Oedipus, And Antigone2414 Words   |  10 PagesCourage is often a measure of our self-esteem and will, seen as a great subject for ancient Greeks. It is what makes us individuals different from others, showing what we believe and the power of belief over our will. In Greek literature it can often be seen as the difficult path—an unconscious act of boldness, but before all it is the conscious decision of a person to act despite the danger. Socrates, Oedipus, and Antigone all manifest courage in their own ways. It can be displayed by human and divine

Sugnificant Roles in the Transatlantic Slave Trade free essay sample

Significant Roles in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Throughout the history of the world, there have been many countries and nations that have impacted and influenced the industry of the slave trade. The Transatlantic Slave Trade, in particular, had a very evident effect on the development of the history of society and humanity of the world. Spain was a nation that set the example of being the first European nation to abolish slavery, France believed slavery was the key to success and Britain was responsible for the transportation of millions of slaves.All three countries laded a very important role in the slavery and transatlantic slave trade. Although there were many nations heavily involved in this catastrophe, there was one country that was the foundation Of it all. Portugal was a powerful nation that influenced and stimulated slave trade amongst Europe through the authorization of Dumb;Dividers, the exploration of Western Africa and the establishment of the Triangular Trade. The slave trade is relevant to the transatlantic trading patterns which were established by many European nations as early as the mid-17th century.Trading ships would travel from Europe with intentions to trade manufactured goods to the West Coast of Africa for African slaves. It is estimated that approximately twelve million African slaves crossed the Atlantic Ocean on ships be;en the 1 6th century and 1 9th century. L African and African-American scholars often refer to the slave trade as Mafia which great disaster in the Swahili language. Other scholars also refer to this calamity as the African Holocaust or Holocaust of Enslavement. 2 The Portuguese had a large impact on the issue. Fanons V of Portugal authorized slavery for the first time in his country in the year of 1452.The grandfather of Fanons V, John I of Portugal, influenced this idea before Fanons V was even born. John had aimed to control navigation of the African coast in 1415 when he made the siege and conquest of the city of Acute. 3 All along, the desire for control of the African coast has been present in the Portuguese power. After all, Portugal was the nation who had the most significant role in the transatlantic slave trade. Along with everything that Portugal had accomplished, Spain was another European nation that played a great role in the slave trade as they were the first European nation to use African slaves in he New World.In 1502, two of Spains critical leaders, Ferdinand and Isabella, gave the colonists of the Caribbean permission to import African slaves but the Spanish population in the New World at the time was far too low to implement all of the work needed to support the economi c growth of the Spanish colonies. Within the first couple of years of Spanish presence in the Americas, a shortage Of labor was caused by an outbreak of a tropical epidemic flu. The Native American population decreased as the outbreak spread throughout the land and Spanish colonists became more interested in he slave trade as the demand for labor increased. The first African slaves arrived by shipment to the New World in 1501. 5 Despite the fact that Spain was the first country to use African slaves in the New World, they were also the first country to abolish slavery and the use of slaves in their colonies. The Spanish Emperor, Charles V, felt that through the arguments of the theologizes and jurists, that slavery was a condemnation and an unjust act.In 1 542, Spain was the first country to abolish slavery which set an example and influenced European nations greatly. Going back ninety years, in 1452, the papal bull Dumb-Dividers had a great effect on the slave trade as it was introduced to Portugal for the first ti me. The Dumb-Dividers was a formal proclamation issued by Pope Nicholas V which allowed Fanons V of Portugal, the King of Portugal who reigned from 1438-1 4776, to condemn any Saracens, pagans or unbelievers and enemies of Christ to hereditary slavery.An excerpt from the Dunn-Dividers reads: Mel grant you [Kings of Spain and Portugal] by these present documents, with our Apostolic Authority, full and free permission to invade, search out, capture, and subjugate the Saracens ND pagans and any Other unbelievers and enemies of Christ wherever they may be, as well as their kingdoms, duchies, counties, principalities, and other property and to reduce their persons into perpetual slavery. 7 In Portugal, a Saracen is one who is of the Muslim church and a pagan is a person who holds different religious beliefs than the majority of the population.These people were frowned upon in Portugal along with the people who did not believe in Christ. The Dumb Dividers had a significant effect on the slave trade within Portugal because it gave Fanons V the right to enslave citizens in his entry that did not meet his standards and criteria. Slavery first began in the country of Portugal with the enslavement of Saracens and pagans but soon spread throughout the rest of the world as slaves were traded internationally. The fact that Pope Nicholas V granted this permission to Fanons V of Portugal influenced the rest of Europe significantly. The Pope has a huge influence over the population and whatsoever he says or proclaims, becomes the rule and law. Since the Pope introduced the Dumb-Dividers to Portugal, they believed that slavery was legitimate and this gave justification to the people. The institution of the Dumb-Dividers through Portugal had a vast effect on the slave trade of the world. France was another nation that was very actively involved in the transatlantic slave trade. France participated in the slave trade far more vigorously than most countries in Europe.In the 17th century, the French government desired to promote plantations in the French colonies of the West Indies. In order to do this, the French borrowed money, technology and slaves from the Dutch to enhance their sugar plantations. By 1 670, the French had established about 300 sugar estates. Realizing that slaves were the key to their success, they monopolized the sugar market. Slave population in the 17th century were quite low for French colonies however in the early 1 asss, slave trade boomed under the French flag.France used four times as many slaves as the Americans did and they treated these slaves with much more brutality and cruelty. 9 During the 18th century, over 1400 slave ships left the west coast port to Africa to collect African slaves. Even after the end of slavery in 1818, approximately 500 French trade ships continued to illegally trade African slaves. Not only did the French treat the slaves more harshly than the Americans, they also had a head start in the slave trade and continued it until 1830 many years after the rest of Europe had abolished it In total, about 1 , 250,000 Africans were enslaved by the French. 1 France was a nation heavily involved in the slave trade however, they did not have a significant role comparable to Portugal. Although France was heavily involved in slavery, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to widely explore the African coast. Prince Henry the Navigator was an important Portuguese leader who influenced early European exploration and maritime trade with many other continents. He initiated the search and exploration of the West African coast and in result of his efforts; by the year Of 1460, the Portuguese had discovered the Coast of Africa all the way to Sierra Leon. 2 The Portuguese were searching for grain and gold and Prince Henry the navigator knew they would find some amid the coast of Western Africa. The goal of the Portuguese was to establish a stable and strong trading relationship with the African society, not to colonize their land. The intentions of Prince Henry the Navigator were attained and elation with African society were formed. Trade within the coast of West Africa included trade of cowry shells and hardware in exchange for gold, slaves and ivory. 13 The Portuguese then built establishments that were used as commercial trading posts.The use of these commercial trading posts helped to increase the slave trade throughout the world. Without these initial intentions to explore the Western coast of Africa, the slave trade would have been suspended until another nation had the determination to go out and make a relationship with African society. That being said, the Portuguese had very significant role in the transatlantic slave trade. Although Portugal was a huge role of the transatlantic slave trade, Britain was another European nation that was seriously engaged in the affair.The most significant role that the British had in the slave trade was the transportation of the majority of the slaves. The British ships had a tremendous responsibility in the role Britain took upon them. British slave trade ship owners made 20-50% profit on each voyage. 14 Captain John Hawkins was the first known British man to embark in a voyage across the Atlantic to capture African slaves. Over the course of six years, he made three voyages and captured 1200 Africans and sold them to Spanish colonies in the Americas for goods. 5 From then on, British traders supplied and transported slaves for the Spanish and Portuguese colonists in America. According to Professor David Richardson, British ships carried 3. 4 million or more African slaves to America. 16 In the 18th century, slave trade was the richest part of trade for Britain and many wealthy British traders built mansions, established banks and funded new industries. Britain became a very wealthy nation and profited a lot of money in the process. The transatlantic slave trade benefited Britain positively and helped to promote their strong, durable ships.Furthermore, one of the most indicative reasons Portugal had such a huge role in the slave trade was due to their establishment of the Triangular Trade. Triangular Trade was a system of trading that was commonly used all throughout Europe for slave trade. The trade system had three stages. The first stage involved the production of European goods that would later be sent to Africa. Goods such as cloth, spirit, tobacco, beads, cowry shells, metal goods and guns were all traded in exchange for African slaves. 7 The guns were traded because they were worth a lot more and this helped to obtain more slaves.Eventually, the guns were being used against the European colonists so the exchange of guns was brought to an end. The second stage involved the shipping of the slaves to the Americas through the Middle Passage. The Middle Passage was the journey across the Atlantic Ocean from West Africa to the Americas. Lastly, the final stage of the Triangular Trade was the return to European nations of the finalized products from the slave- labor plantations. Products such as cotton, sugar, tobacco, molasses and um were all brought back to Europe as a result of the hard labor of the slaves. The Triangular Trade system was used for all nations that were involved in the slave trade. It was the most resourceful and effective system of international trade. The Portuguese set up factories and commercial trading posts off the coast of Western Africa. This was essential for the first stage of Triangular Trade because they were ready for when European goods arrived at the African port waiting to be traded for slaves. In brief, Portugal set the world-wide slave trade in motion by introducing and establishing the Triangular Trade.All things considered, Portugal was responsible for the authorization of the Dumb-Dividers, the exploration of Western Africa and the establishment of the Triangular Trade which gave them the most significant role in the slave trade. For hundreds of years, Portugal made it their goal to monopolize the export of slaves from Africa. After four and a half centuries of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, it is estimated that Portugal was responsible for transporting over 4. 5 million African slaves to the Americas, which is roughly 40% of the total of African slaves transported from European nations in general . 8 The reincarnations slave trade will always be a major part of the world and development of history.